Ibn al-Haytham, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārsī and Wave Motion of Light
Soheyla
Pazari
Ph.D. in History of Science Institute for the Humanities and Cultural Studies
author
text
article
2013
per
Apart expressing the cause of the reflection of light from the surface of polished objects, Ibn al-Haytham in his al-Manāẓir claims that the acceptance or rejection of light by these objects is only due to their polished surfaces and have nothing to do with their solidity, because the reflection of light from the surface of soft polished objects such as water is also possible. Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārsī in the Tanqīḥ al-Manāzir criticizes this theory. He denies Ibn al-Haytham’s idea about simultaneous reflection and refraction from soft polished objects. In other words Fārsī thinks that Ibn al-Haytham’s explanation for reflection from solid surfaces cannot be used in the case of soft surfaces. He also believes that the propagation of light is similar to the propagation of sound and not to the motion of material objects. In 16th and 17th centuries Europe there is a similar discussion between those who believes in the particle theory and those who believing in the wave theory. This article proposes to study this challenge.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
159
190
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57486_ac0544701fdf7c26a38d44a8d820dc27.pdf
The Place of Oud and its Various Types in the Islamic Eras of Persian Music History
Narges
Zaker Jafari
Faculty of member of music department/ The University of Guilan, Rasht
author
text
article
2013
per
One of the chapters in the history of Iranian music is the place and significance of the musical instrument called Oud. This instrument, initially named “Barbat”, emerged during the Sassanid dynasty. Generally known under the name “Oud” in Islamic era, it became grepopular in Islamic countries. In Iran, this instrument enjoyed great importance until the fall of the Safavid dynasty. From the early treatises on music, dating back to the third or fourth century A.H. to the documents belonging to the Safavid era, Oud was considered the most preponderant instrument in comparison with other instruments. In this paper, we propsose to study the structural features and different types of this instrument. According to the old literature on music, Oud has had various sizes and different types of Oud used to be called by different names. Difference in the number of strings has been another distinctive feature of various types of Oud mentioned in the old literature.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
191
206
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57487_a0e67a7eca6df8e5b11fbb765b2e645d.pdf
A Short Review of the Contents and Sources of Manuscript No. 3447 in National Library of Tabriz
Younes
Karamati
Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2013
per
Manuscript No. 3447 in National Library of Tabriz is a Persian treatise which covers arithmetic, geometry, algebra, hayʾa and the topic of “Masses and Distances. The redaction of the text has been finished in 670AH/1271AD but we don’t know anything about the author of the treatise. In the two first chapters of his treatise (on arithmetic) the unknown author draws upon ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī’s al-Takmila fī ʿ Ilm al-Ḥisāb and in the third chapter (on geometry) upon Abū al-Wafā Būzjānī’s al-Manāzil al-Sābʿ. The 4th chapter, which is on algebra, is an elementary work and despite the advanced works on algebra by the Muslim scholars at that time this work does not go beyond the quadratic equations. In the “Conclusion” of the treatise the author adds some probleems under the title “Rare problems pertaining to each chapter”. Althouth this work doesn’t contain anything knew in mathematics, it is important from a historical point of view, as far as it marks a step in redaction of scientific works in Persian language.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
207
242
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57488_8e12212a6fc6987e2a7a7d25131fe860.pdf
Diversity and Variety of Hayʾa Books in Islamic Civilization
Amir Mohammad
Gamini
Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2013
per
Once the Greek astronomy's most worthy masterpiece, Ptolemy’s Almagest, was translated into Arabic, many scientific works were produced in Islamic civilization. The genre known as Hayʾa, which deals with the cosmological aspect of astronomy, gradually seperated itself from other astronomical branches. While these branches were in relation with each other, their goals were different. Computational astronomy, known as science of “Zijes”, was developed to produce arithmetical tables to forecast the position of the heavenly bodies in any given time. The science of astronomical instruments and science of timekeeping were two of the other branches of astronomy. Science of Hay'a uaully presents a non-technical descrpition of the large scale structure of the universe, i.e. the Earth and its position, configuration and size of the celestial spheres and the planets. In this article almost all of the Hayʾa books of Islamic civilization are listed and classified. Based on their manuscripts we mention their scientific specifications and compare them with each other. The golden age of these works in 12th century is studied in more details.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
243
290
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57489_031f8922be4d038e15bbe64bf935be94.pdf
Iterative Ratios in the Fractal Geometry of Urchīn Domes
Mohammad
Mashayekhi
M.A. in Architecture
author
Farhad
Tehrani
University of Shahid Behesti, Tehran
author
text
article
2013
per
In the classification of traditional domes, they are divided into two main categories: “roc” (cone-shaped) and “nār” (hemisphere-like) domes. Urchīn domes are a sub-category of cone-shaped domes which were common in the past in the region of Mesopotamia and southwest of Iran. The fractal geometry is the best way to describe the geometrical structure of these domes, because the existence of self-similar figuresm and the relations between the parts of the dome, such as the height and span, create some fractal relations. In this paper we try to make a detailed study of urchīn domes and to discover their geometric structures using some numeric sequences in relation with fractal geometry.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
291
310
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57490_f2ae7dba1d005b1d914cd6a3bf8d16fa.pdf
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārsī’s additions to Book XIII of al-Ṭūsī’s Taḥrīr
Mohamed Mahdi
Abdeljaouad
Association Tunisienne des Sciences math & eacute; matiques
author
text
article
2013
per
This article is devoted to Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārsī’s (d. 1319) additions to some remarks contained in Book XIII of al-Ṭūsī’s Taḥrīr uṣūl al-handasa, concerning the construction of a semi-regular polyhedron inscribed into a sphere using the movement as a way for the construction. This treatise is one treatise among ten found in a codex preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de Tunis.
Journal for the History of Science
University of Tehran
1735-0573
11
v.
2
no.
2013
1
19
https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_57491_b5cce8be9b7560f5842c0a1fdc444aee.pdf