University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 15 1 2017 07 23 The End of the Descriptive Tradition of the Letters Concerning Property Limits (Ḥadnāma) and the Role of Bughāyirī in Modern Mapping of Iran The End of the Descriptive Tradition of the Letters Concerning Property Limits (Ḥadnāma) and the Role of Bughāyirī in Modern Mapping of Iran 21 36 72550 10.22059/jihs.2019.285939.371501 FA Omid Reza'i Resercher fallow, Tehran/ Sazman-e owqaf va Omur-e Kheyriyeh Journal Article 2019 07 24 During the Qajar period, there were events in Iran that were new for the society, one of them was the beginning of a scientific and modern mapping by Iranians themselves. Prior to this event in the Iranian community, a descriptive text was set up in the form of document named the letter concerning property limits (ḥadnāma). This text was compiled by a number of trusted experts familiar with the property limit and its local geographic environment. Although the modern mapping in Iran began later than France, in a short time some surveyors, including Mīrza ‘Abd al-Razzāq, Brigadier Bughāyirī, succeeded in drawing up maps of the border areas as well as urban and rural areas. In addition, by request of the state and some property owners, he provided maps on different scale. This event can be interpreted as the transformation of the Iranian mind and a forward movement. During the Qajar period, there were events in Iran that were new for the society, one of them was the beginning of a scientific and modern mapping by Iranians themselves. Prior to this event in the Iranian community, a descriptive text was set up in the form of document named the letter concerning property limits (ḥadnāma). This text was compiled by a number of trusted experts familiar with the property limit and its local geographic environment. Although the modern mapping in Iran began later than France, in a short time some surveyors, including Mīrza ‘Abd al-Razzāq, Brigadier Bughāyirī, succeeded in drawing up maps of the border areas as well as urban and rural areas. In addition, by request of the state and some property owners, he provided maps on different scale. This event can be interpreted as the transformation of the Iranian mind and a forward movement. https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_72550_2c08fe317d734f7ffd2b583f99542de0.pdf