University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 The Compatibility of Epistemic Monism and Epistemic Relativism The Compatibility of Epistemic Monism and Epistemic Relativism 3 36 104801 10.22059/jihs.2025.403206.371844 FA Jalal Abdollahi PhD Candidate, Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-9907-2076 Journal Article 2025 09 27 The aim of the present article is to examine the relationship between monism and epistemic relativism. After explaining the standard model of relativism and pluralism, we point to one of the fundamental differences between pluralism and relativism, which concerns monism: while relativism may be compatible with monism, pluralism is incompatible with monism. Accepting the possibility of compatibility between monism and relativism requires attention to at least two conditions: dependency and contingency. Although the dependency condition is necessary, it is not by itself sufficient for understanding the possibility of compatibility between relativism and monism, and this highlights the necessity of considering the component of contingency. We demonstrate that if contingency is not considered, it becomes impossible to distinguish relativism from absolutism (under conditions where monism prevails). Finally, we explain that contingent monism-although it can be compatible with relativism-is neither in itself a reason for affirming relativism nor a reason for rejecting it. The aim of the present article is to examine the relationship between monism and epistemic relativism. After explaining the standard model of relativism and pluralism, we point to one of the fundamental differences between pluralism and relativism, which concerns monism: while relativism may be compatible with monism, pluralism is incompatible with monism. Accepting the possibility of compatibility between monism and relativism requires attention to at least two conditions: dependency and contingency. Although the dependency condition is necessary, it is not by itself sufficient for understanding the possibility of compatibility between relativism and monism, and this highlights the necessity of considering the component of contingency. We demonstrate that if contingency is not considered, it becomes impossible to distinguish relativism from absolutism (under conditions where monism prevails). Finally, we explain that contingent monism-although it can be compatible with relativism-is neither in itself a reason for affirming relativism nor a reason for rejecting it.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_104801_3bf86a3714e210fbbb371c0019dc3f77.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 A Study of the Scientific Life of Mahmoud Behzad and the Textual History of His First Book (1944–1982) Based on a Newly Discovered Manuscript A Study of the Scientific Life of Mahmoud Behzad and the Textual History of His First Book (1944–1982) Based on a Newly Discovered Manuscript 39 88 104989 10.22059/jihs.2025.405010.371859 FA Mohammad Masoumi Independent Researcher in The History of Science Journal Article 2025 10 27 To date, no research based on primary sources has been conducted on the scientific and cultural life of Dr. Mahmoud Behzad, often regarded as the father of modern biology in Iran. Existing accounts are primarily limited to personal memoirs or interviews conducted during his lifetime. Occasioned by the discovery of the original manuscript of his first book, this article examines archival documents to investigate Behzad’s life from its beginnings until 1951 (1330 SH). It aims to uncover the contexts that provided the necessary foundations for the creation of such a work. Consequently, this paper presents both a narrative of Behzad’s scientific career and the evolutionary trajectory of his book, What Does Darwin Say?, based on the recovered manuscript. Divided into several sections, the study offers a sociological narrative of science, chronicling the dissemination of scientific theories and the historical spectrum of supportive and opposing reactions they elicited. To date, no research based on primary sources has been conducted on the scientific and cultural life of Dr. Mahmoud Behzad, often regarded as the father of modern biology in Iran. Existing accounts are primarily limited to personal memoirs or interviews conducted during his lifetime. Occasioned by the discovery of the original manuscript of his first book, this article examines archival documents to investigate Behzad’s life from its beginnings until 1951 (1330 SH). It aims to uncover the contexts that provided the necessary foundations for the creation of such a work. Consequently, this paper presents both a narrative of Behzad’s scientific career and the evolutionary trajectory of his book, What Does Darwin Say?, based on the recovered manuscript. Divided into several sections, the study offers a sociological narrative of science, chronicling the dissemination of scientific theories and the historical spectrum of supportive and opposing reactions they elicited.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_104989_983c94a3222067a1fb01b9694f1f4354.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 Double-Mirror Method for Rangefinding: A Scientific Development by al-Khāzinī Double-Mirror Method for Rangefinding: A Scientific Development by al-Khāzinī 91 104 104988 10.22059/jihs.2025.406070.371861 FA Reza Kiani Movahed PhD Candidate, Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran Journal Article 2025 11 17 The use of mirrors for measuring distance and height has its origins in ancient Greek science. In his Optics, Euclid demonstrated how the reflection of light could be geometrically employed to determine an object’s altitude or range with remarkable precision. During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars adopted and further developed his methods. For example, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (active ca. 1115–1130 CE), in his treatise On Marvelous Instruments, not only explained Euclid’s single-mirror method but also introduced an innovative Double-Mirror Method. This innovation enabled the simultaneous determination of both height and distance of an object through one observation. Al-Khāzinī’s contribution represents a significant step in linking theoretical geometry with practical applications in surveying and engineering within the scientific tradition of the medieval Islamic world. This article examines his methods in detail. The use of mirrors for measuring distance and height has its origins in ancient Greek science. In his Optics, Euclid demonstrated how the reflection of light could be geometrically employed to determine an object’s altitude or range with remarkable precision. During the Islamic Golden Age, scholars adopted and further developed his methods. For example, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khāzinī (active ca. 1115–1130 CE), in his treatise On Marvelous Instruments, not only explained Euclid’s single-mirror method but also introduced an innovative Double-Mirror Method. This innovation enabled the simultaneous determination of both height and distance of an object through one observation. Al-Khāzinī’s contribution represents a significant step in linking theoretical geometry with practical applications in surveying and engineering within the scientific tradition of the medieval Islamic world. This article examines his methods in detail.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_104988_8f0bb05d67e95d5244e492c9de6c0c13.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 Analysis of the Pattern of Combination and its Application in the Design and Manufacture of Niello Ornaments Analysis of the Pattern of Combination and its Application in the Design and Manufacture of Niello Ornaments 107 128 105953 10.22059/jihs.2026.408087.371865 FA Sahar Zekavat Faculty of Art, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7488-6527 Khashayar Ghazizadeh Faculty of Art, Shahed University, Tehran, Shahryar Shokrpour Faculty of Arts craft, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 12 13 Niello is a decorative method in metalworking and a combination of silver sulfides including silver, sulfur, copper and lead. In the present research, the examined samples include a sample of a Qajar Niello ring, which is combined with the artistic methods of Filigree, Turquoise Inlaying and Isfahan style penmanship, and a final work has been created. The research questions are: 1- What are the indicators of the pattern of designing and making Iranian Niello ornaments based on the combined and integrated approach of art? 2- How can the Niello works of the past be improved and produced with a higher and more beautiful quality? The results show that innovative creativity in the design and manufacture Niello ornaments is achieved by a detailed and scientific study of the techniques and features of designing various motifs and identifying their capacities and in this way, it is possible to achieve a successful combination and integration model in the field of ornaments industry. Niello is a decorative method in metalworking and a combination of silver sulfides including silver, sulfur, copper and lead. In the present research, the examined samples include a sample of a Qajar Niello ring, which is combined with the artistic methods of Filigree, Turquoise Inlaying and Isfahan style penmanship, and a final work has been created. The research questions are: 1- What are the indicators of the pattern of designing and making Iranian Niello ornaments based on the combined and integrated approach of art? 2- How can the Niello works of the past be improved and produced with a higher and more beautiful quality? The results show that innovative creativity in the design and manufacture Niello ornaments is achieved by a detailed and scientific study of the techniques and features of designing various motifs and identifying their capacities and in this way, it is possible to achieve a successful combination and integration model in the field of ornaments industry.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_105953_3c94bbfb9cc33c6cab17c1a984782e04.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 The Visual Origin of Human Anatomical Illustration in Islamic Iran: A Study of the Transition and Transformation of Anatomical Imagery from Europe to Iran The Visual Origin of Human Anatomical Illustration in Islamic Iran: A Study of the Transition and Transformation of Anatomical Imagery from Europe to Iran 131 161 106273 10.22059/jihs.2026.409080.371867 FA Alireza Taheri Department of Comparative and Analytical History of Islamic Art, Faculty of Theoretical Sciences and Advanced Art Studies, Iran University of Art, Tehran, Mozhde Sharafkhah PhD Candidate in Comparative and Analytical History of Islamic Art, Faculty of Theoretical Sciences and Advanced Art Studies, Iran University of Art,, Tehran Davoud Ranjbaran Department of Comparative and Analytical History of Islamic Art, Faculty of Theoretical Sciences and Advanced Art Studies, Iran University of Art,, Tehran. Journal Article 2025 12 29 The present study aims to investigate the anatomical illustrations of the human body found in drawings remaining from the era following the Muslim conquest of Iran covering the 9th through 11th centuries in the lunar calendar. The study is primarily focused on the illustrated treatise written by Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn Ilyās, a physician from Shiraz, in light of the iconographic traditions of the medieval Europe. The main objective of this study is to identify the visual origins, channels of knowledge transfer, and processes of adaptation and recreation of illustrations in the interactions between the two cultures. This library research employs field study techniques and a descriptive-analytic approach to collect visual and textual data for the analysis of anatomical illustrations. Findings indicate that the convention of anatomical illustrations in the Islamized Iran has been established independently of the European texts on dissection. However, in terms of the form and figure organization, it has been affected by the European visual patterns of the middle ages. It is noteworthy, though, that this adaptation has not been a direct imitative one. In fact, during the transfer process, the images have passed through the filter of aestheticism and ethnic drawing conventions and, while been kept untouched in the roots, have been recreated. Consequently, these images enjoy distinct peculiarities while still benefitting from the structural fundaments of the European patterns. A comparative study of the history of medicine in Iran and Europe indicates that the origins of the modern anatomy in Europe, particularly the systematic dissection and pre-renaissance illustrations, are owing to the transfer of medical texts and knowledge from Greece via the medium of Islam. In the Islamized Iran, despite limitations associated with practical dissection, the illustrations of human anatomy and dissection have played a pivotal role in the establishment of the principles of medical training. These illustrations apply a combination of artistic and scientific norms to pave the way for the creation of an interdisciplinary visual language for the transfer of knowledge. The current study surpasses the mere analysis of apparent similarities and differences to reveal the channels for the transfer of knowledge between the European and Islamic cultures and the interaction of the two traditions. This helps to redefine the significance of illustrations as an independent means for the transfer of medical knowledge. The present study aims to investigate the anatomical illustrations of the human body found in drawings remaining from the era following the Muslim conquest of Iran covering the 9th through 11th centuries in the lunar calendar. The study is primarily focused on the illustrated treatise written by Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf ibn Ilyās, a physician from Shiraz, in light of the iconographic traditions of the medieval Europe. The main objective of this study is to identify the visual origins, channels of knowledge transfer, and processes of adaptation and recreation of illustrations in the interactions between the two cultures. This library research employs field study techniques and a descriptive-analytic approach to collect visual and textual data for the analysis of anatomical illustrations. Findings indicate that the convention of anatomical illustrations in the Islamized Iran has been established independently of the European texts on dissection. However, in terms of the form and figure organization, it has been affected by the European visual patterns of the middle ages. It is noteworthy, though, that this adaptation has not been a direct imitative one. In fact, during the transfer process, the images have passed through the filter of aestheticism and ethnic drawing conventions and, while been kept untouched in the roots, have been recreated. Consequently, these images enjoy distinct peculiarities while still benefitting from the structural fundaments of the European patterns. A comparative study of the history of medicine in Iran and Europe indicates that the origins of the modern anatomy in Europe, particularly the systematic dissection and pre-renaissance illustrations, are owing to the transfer of medical texts and knowledge from Greece via the medium of Islam. In the Islamized Iran, despite limitations associated with practical dissection, the illustrations of human anatomy and dissection have played a pivotal role in the establishment of the principles of medical training. These illustrations apply a combination of artistic and scientific norms to pave the way for the creation of an interdisciplinary visual language for the transfer of knowledge. The current study surpasses the mere analysis of apparent similarities and differences to reveal the channels for the transfer of knowledge between the European and Islamic cultures and the interaction of the two traditions. This helps to redefine the significance of illustrations as an independent means for the transfer of medical knowledge.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_106273_8a5d3737980cbe1dae1f595482b6bf9b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 An Observational History up to the 10th Century AD as Reflected in the Great Hakimi Zij and and Its Parallel Texts An Observational History up to the 10th Century AD as Reflected in the Great Hakimi Zij and and Its Parallel Texts 163 198 106655 10.22059/jihs.2026.410032.371873 FA Younes Karamati Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran Journal Article 2026 01 25 In 398-399 AH / 1008–1009 AD, the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus compiled the Great Hakimi Zij based on his extensive and numerous observations from earlier astronomers. In response to contemporary critiques of his solo observations, he provided detailed accounts of his own and others’ to demonstrate the multiple errors of the Mamunid Mumtaḥan Zij. This meticulous documentation distinguishes his work from other Zījes of the Islamic period. Some of these data—particularly regarding Māhānī, the Amājūr family, and Aḥmad al-Nahāvandī—constitute the only surviving records of these astronomers’ observations. Ibn Yunus’s reports also reveal the inaccuracy of claims that he had access to a fully equipped state observatory. His geodetic accounts differ in notable ways from other surviving records on the same subject. His precise planetary observations enabled the construction of highly accurate planetary tables. He also recorded unique measurements obtained by himself and other astronomers, including the Sun’s mean motion, the rate of the second motion of the sphere of the fixed stars (i.e. precession), and the displacement of solar and planetary apogees. Based on these data, he identified significant errors in Ptolemy’s equinoctial observations. Ibn Yunus’s account of observers of the total obliquity (i.e. the obliquity of the ecliptic) may be regarded as the earliest noteworthy list of its kind. His detailed account of thirty eclipse observations—particularly his own—became a key source, from the mid-eighteenth century onward, for calculating the Moon’s secular acceleration. Throughout this study, observational reports by other scholars—especially those of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni—have been used as parallel sources to supplement or correct the accounts of the Hakimi Zij. In 398-399 AH / 1008–1009 AD, the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus compiled the Great Hakimi Zij based on his extensive and numerous observations from earlier astronomers. In response to contemporary critiques of his solo observations, he provided detailed accounts of his own and others’ to demonstrate the multiple errors of the Mamunid Mumtaḥan Zij. This meticulous documentation distinguishes his work from other Zījes of the Islamic period. Some of these data—particularly regarding Māhānī, the Amājūr family, and Aḥmad al-Nahāvandī—constitute the only surviving records of these astronomers’ observations. Ibn Yunus’s reports also reveal the inaccuracy of claims that he had access to a fully equipped state observatory. His geodetic accounts differ in notable ways from other surviving records on the same subject. His precise planetary observations enabled the construction of highly accurate planetary tables. He also recorded unique measurements obtained by himself and other astronomers, including the Sun’s mean motion, the rate of the second motion of the sphere of the fixed stars (i.e. precession), and the displacement of solar and planetary apogees. Based on these data, he identified significant errors in Ptolemy’s equinoctial observations. Ibn Yunus’s account of observers of the total obliquity (i.e. the obliquity of the ecliptic) may be regarded as the earliest noteworthy list of its kind. His detailed account of thirty eclipse observations—particularly his own—became a key source, from the mid-eighteenth century onward, for calculating the Moon’s secular acceleration. Throughout this study, observational reports by other scholars—especially those of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni—have been used as parallel sources to supplement or correct the accounts of the Hakimi Zij.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_106655_4bc52fbaa1e7474a03b2363f74de0828.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 From Marvel to Automation: A Re-reading of Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Jazarī’s Ingenious Mechanisms and Their Conceptual Links to Contemporary Robotics From Marvel to Automation: A Re-reading of Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Jazarī’s Ingenious Mechanisms and Their Conceptual Links to Contemporary Robotics 201 222 105525 10.22059/jihs.2026.404875.371858 FA Hanieh Hashemi Department of Mathematics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0003-4618-6595 Abdulhossein Hashemi Department of Law, Payam Noor University, Shahr-e Ray Branch, Iran Journal Article 2025 10 23 Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Jazarī (6th century AH/12th century CE), in his seminal work titled ‘al-Jāmiʿ bayn al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿamal al-nāfiʿ fī ṣināʿat al-ḥiyal’ (A Compendium of Theory and Practical Useful Mechanical Devices), presents a collection of hydraulic and automated mechanisms, accompanied by precise workshop instructions. Relying on the Topkapı manuscript and a techno-codicological analysis of its illustrations, this article demonstrates that three fundamental functional ideas are systematically embedded within al-Jazarī's systems: 1) motion conversion via the crank-slider mechanism, 2) simple level/flow feedback through floats and valves, and 3) mechanical sequencing using cams and peg-drums. Our research methodology involves a close re-examination of the textual descriptions, the extraction of kinematic chains, and a comparative analysis with later historical specimens. Case studies of the double-acting piston pump, water clocks, and automated display devices reveal that al-Jazarī's text is not merely a catalog of "marvels" but rather a presentation of reproducible mechanical logic. Consequently, the relationship between his work and contemporary robotics and automation is more conceptual than genealogical. That is, some of the principles of conversion, feedback, and sequencing that are employed in contemporary systems were formulated in a preliminary and workshop-oriented manner in his work. This reading bridges the gap between narratives of "wondrous devices" (ḥiyal) and "functional engineering," providing a framework for a dialogue between the history of technology and contemporary engineering. Badīʿ al-Zamān al-Jazarī (6th century AH/12th century CE), in his seminal work titled ‘al-Jāmiʿ bayn al-ʿilm wa-l-ʿamal al-nāfiʿ fī ṣināʿat al-ḥiyal’ (A Compendium of Theory and Practical Useful Mechanical Devices), presents a collection of hydraulic and automated mechanisms, accompanied by precise workshop instructions. Relying on the Topkapı manuscript and a techno-codicological analysis of its illustrations, this article demonstrates that three fundamental functional ideas are systematically embedded within al-Jazarī's systems: 1) motion conversion via the crank-slider mechanism, 2) simple level/flow feedback through floats and valves, and 3) mechanical sequencing using cams and peg-drums. Our research methodology involves a close re-examination of the textual descriptions, the extraction of kinematic chains, and a comparative analysis with later historical specimens. Case studies of the double-acting piston pump, water clocks, and automated display devices reveal that al-Jazarī's text is not merely a catalog of "marvels" but rather a presentation of reproducible mechanical logic. Consequently, the relationship between his work and contemporary robotics and automation is more conceptual than genealogical. That is, some of the principles of conversion, feedback, and sequencing that are employed in contemporary systems were formulated in a preliminary and workshop-oriented manner in his work. This reading bridges the gap between narratives of "wondrous devices" (ḥiyal) and "functional engineering," providing a framework for a dialogue between the history of technology and contemporary engineering.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_105525_50da1cea4400f9d107fe8ae98b46d76f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 The Role of Rational and Empirical Sciences in Otherworldly Happiness in al-Ghazālī’s Thought The Role of Rational and Empirical Sciences in Otherworldly Happiness in al-Ghazālī’s Thought 225 248 105774 10.22059/jihs.2026.409831.371871 FA Mohsen Ghasemi Department of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran. Iran Journal Article 2026 01 19 Among the philosophical heirs of Avicenna’s teachings who engaged in the classification of sciences and articulated the position of rational and empirical sciences within their own classificatory systems is Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī. The central issue of this study is to elucidate the place of rational and empirical sciences in al-Ghazālī’s thought and to examine the impact of these two domains of knowledge on human otherworldly happiness from his perspective. Ghazali’s engagement with rational and empirical sciences, contrary to the common perception of him, is fundamentally affirmative. Although he opposed certain metaphysical doctrines of Aristotle and Aristotelian thinkers such as Avicenna, pure rationality and pure empirical experience occupy a significant position within his classification of the sciences. He regards the employment of these two—considered as domains distinct from the Sharia—as necessary for the attainment of worldly happiness within society. Accordingly, al-Ghazālī regards disciplines such as theology, jurisprudence, arithmetic, medicine, astronomy, and, more broadly, the natural sciences, rational sciences, and worldly technics as conditions for human flourishing in this world and as preliminaries for attaining otherworldly happiness. The present study adopts a descriptive–analytical method and is based on a step-by-step analysis and exposition of the classifications of the sciences presented in al-Ghazālī’s major works, namely Maqāṣid al-Falāsifa, al-Mustaṣfā min ʿIlm al-Uṣūl, Jawāhir al-Qurʾān, Mīzān al-ʿAmal, and Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. Among the philosophical heirs of Avicenna’s teachings who engaged in the classification of sciences and articulated the position of rational and empirical sciences within their own classificatory systems is Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī. The central issue of this study is to elucidate the place of rational and empirical sciences in al-Ghazālī’s thought and to examine the impact of these two domains of knowledge on human otherworldly happiness from his perspective. Ghazali’s engagement with rational and empirical sciences, contrary to the common perception of him, is fundamentally affirmative. Although he opposed certain metaphysical doctrines of Aristotle and Aristotelian thinkers such as Avicenna, pure rationality and pure empirical experience occupy a significant position within his classification of the sciences. He regards the employment of these two—considered as domains distinct from the Sharia—as necessary for the attainment of worldly happiness within society. Accordingly, al-Ghazālī regards disciplines such as theology, jurisprudence, arithmetic, medicine, astronomy, and, more broadly, the natural sciences, rational sciences, and worldly technics as conditions for human flourishing in this world and as preliminaries for attaining otherworldly happiness. The present study adopts a descriptive–analytical method and is based on a step-by-step analysis and exposition of the classifications of the sciences presented in al-Ghazālī’s major works, namely Maqāṣid al-Falāsifa, al-Mustaṣfā min ʿIlm al-Uṣūl, Jawāhir al-Qurʾān, Mīzān al-ʿAmal, and Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_105774_647a5dd1a7d1a1ad80d77886580f8e19.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 A Content Analysis of two Treatises on Fever and Diarrhea by Hakim Muhammad Saeed Qomi A Content Analysis of two Treatises on Fever and Diarrhea by Hakim Muhammad Saeed Qomi 251 281 106153 10.22059/jihs.2026.410037.371874 FA Javad Alipoor Silab Department of History, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Journal Article 2026 01 25 Throughout history, in accordance with the prevailing intellectual frameworks and scientific knowledge of each era, numerous works have been produced in various fields of science, particularly in medicine and healing. Many of these works have remained unknown and have survived only in the form of manuscripts. One important example is the work of Ḥakīm Moḥammad Saʿīd Qomī, one of the prominent physicians of the Safavid period in the eleventh century AH, which consists of two independent treatises on two widespread diseases of the time, namely fever and diarrhea. The present study is an interdisciplinary investigation in the field of the history of medicine. Its data have been collected through library-based research and are presented using a descriptive–analytical approach. The findings indicate that these two treatises were composed in Persian, by order of Shah Abbas II, in response to the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of the time, and within the framework of humoral medicine. In these works, Ḥakīm Moḥammad Saʿīd, in addition to classifying different types of fever and diarrhea, examines their pathogenic causes, diagnostic methods, preventive measures, physical and dietary care, as well as therapeutic procedures such as phlebotomy, emesis, maturative remedies, and herbal medicines. The inclusion of clinical experiences and practical recommendations for patient treatment is among the most distinctive features of these two treatises. This research aims to analyze the content and scientific structure of these treatises, examine the medical terminology and concepts employed in them, and clarify their position within the medical system of Safavid Iran. Given the continued prevalence of fever and diarrhea in the present day, the findings may also possess practical and educational value. Throughout history, in accordance with the prevailing intellectual frameworks and scientific knowledge of each era, numerous works have been produced in various fields of science, particularly in medicine and healing. Many of these works have remained unknown and have survived only in the form of manuscripts. One important example is the work of Ḥakīm Moḥammad Saʿīd Qomī, one of the prominent physicians of the Safavid period in the eleventh century AH, which consists of two independent treatises on two widespread diseases of the time, namely fever and diarrhea. The present study is an interdisciplinary investigation in the field of the history of medicine. Its data have been collected through library-based research and are presented using a descriptive–analytical approach. The findings indicate that these two treatises were composed in Persian, by order of Shah Abbas II, in response to the diagnostic and therapeutic needs of the time, and within the framework of humoral medicine. In these works, Ḥakīm Moḥammad Saʿīd, in addition to classifying different types of fever and diarrhea, examines their pathogenic causes, diagnostic methods, preventive measures, physical and dietary care, as well as therapeutic procedures such as phlebotomy, emesis, maturative remedies, and herbal medicines. The inclusion of clinical experiences and practical recommendations for patient treatment is among the most distinctive features of these two treatises. This research aims to analyze the content and scientific structure of these treatises, examine the medical terminology and concepts employed in them, and clarify their position within the medical system of Safavid Iran. Given the continued prevalence of fever and diarrhea in the present day, the findings may also possess practical and educational value.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_106153_fdf1e0ad3f5fc55b7733e9345927b04b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 A Review of the Ideologies of the Scientific Revolution: The Rise and Fall of a Historiographical Concept, by Pietro Daniel Omodeo A Review of the Ideologies of the Scientific Revolution: The Rise and Fall of a Historiographical Concept, by Pietro Daniel Omodeo 283 290 106419 10.22059/jihs.2026.411817.371890 FA Mohammad Mahdi Shahbazi Gahroui Department of philosophy of science , Faculty of philosophy of science, sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2026 02 23 The scientific revolution became one of the central themes of twentieth‑century history of science, widely regarded as a decisive turning point in the development of modern knowledge. According to the classic narrative, a fundamental rupture occurred in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries that transformed science into a new enterprise with distinct methodological and metaphysical foundations. This view held that modern science emerged in sharp contrast to earlier traditions. Two major historiographical approaches shaped this interpretation. Intellectual historians such as Alexandre Koyré emphasized conceptual and spiritual transformations. In contrast, materialist historians like Boris Hessen and Edgar Zilsel highlighted the social and economic forces—especially those linked to early capitalism—that shaped scientific change. With the rise of postmodern critiques, historians began questioning assumptions embedded in the modernist narrative, including linear progress, anachronistic judgments of past science, and the belief in a single universal trajectory of development. These critiques also exposed the Eurocentrism of the traditional account, which located scientific transformation exclusively in Western and Northern Europe while marginalizing other intellectual traditions. Although this critical turn opened new possibilities for understanding scientific change, it also introduced risks such as relativism, which can undermine explanations of scientific success. For this reason, many scholars advocate a middle‑ground approach that preserves the analytical value of the scientific revolution concept while integrating postmodern insights about plurality, context, and the limitations of grand narratives. This balanced perspective allows for a more nuanced understanding of both continuity and transformation in the history of science. The scientific revolution became one of the central themes of twentieth‑century history of science, widely regarded as a decisive turning point in the development of modern knowledge. According to the classic narrative, a fundamental rupture occurred in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries that transformed science into a new enterprise with distinct methodological and metaphysical foundations. This view held that modern science emerged in sharp contrast to earlier traditions. Two major historiographical approaches shaped this interpretation. Intellectual historians such as Alexandre Koyré emphasized conceptual and spiritual transformations. In contrast, materialist historians like Boris Hessen and Edgar Zilsel highlighted the social and economic forces—especially those linked to early capitalism—that shaped scientific change. With the rise of postmodern critiques, historians began questioning assumptions embedded in the modernist narrative, including linear progress, anachronistic judgments of past science, and the belief in a single universal trajectory of development. These critiques also exposed the Eurocentrism of the traditional account, which located scientific transformation exclusively in Western and Northern Europe while marginalizing other intellectual traditions. Although this critical turn opened new possibilities for understanding scientific change, it also introduced risks such as relativism, which can undermine explanations of scientific success. For this reason, many scholars advocate a middle‑ground approach that preserves the analytical value of the scientific revolution concept while integrating postmodern insights about plurality, context, and the limitations of grand narratives. This balanced perspective allows for a more nuanced understanding of both continuity and transformation in the history of science.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_106419_8e3871549c5e330412d41f26abfdbb43.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 The Role of Evolutionary Logic in the Modern Approach to the Philosophy of History The Role of Evolutionary Logic in the Modern Approach to the Philosophy of History 293 303 105916 10.22059/jihs.2026.408595.371866 FA Benyamin Arefi Department of Philosophy of Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2026 01 17 Karl Löwith, in his book Meaning in History (1949), argues that in Christian theology the meaning of history is tied to viewing our world as a realm of sin and death. He believes that the change in the meaning of history starting in the eighteenth century was the result of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. This article examines the role of Darwinism, alongside these two factors, in changing the meaning of history. It also offers a critique of Löwith’s view and, more broadly, of similar beliefs about the idea of progress and modern eschatology. The article argues that Darwinian evolution and evolutionary thinking are inseparable from the modern worldview, and that they help resolve the ambiguities in this worldview that concerned philosophers like Löwith Karl Löwith, in his book Meaning in History (1949), argues that in Christian theology the meaning of history is tied to viewing our world as a realm of sin and death. He believes that the change in the meaning of history starting in the eighteenth century was the result of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. This article examines the role of Darwinism, alongside these two factors, in changing the meaning of history. It also offers a critique of Löwith’s view and, more broadly, of similar beliefs about the idea of progress and modern eschatology. The article argues that Darwinian evolution and evolutionary thinking are inseparable from the modern worldview, and that they help resolve the ambiguities in this worldview that concerned philosophers like Löwith

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_105916_7bd792dbf8c267b231b353173cceb8cc.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 23 2 2026 02 20 ʿAlīkhān Nāẓim al-ʿUlūm: A Narcotic Counter-History of a Death ʿAlīkhān Nāẓim al-ʿUlūm: A Narcotic Counter-History of a Death 305 312 106118 10.22059/jihs.2026.410806.371875 FA Hassan Amini Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran Journal Article 2026 02 10 In his article “The Historical Death of ʿAlīkhān Nāẓim al-ʿUlūm and His Mathematics” (published in the journal Mathematical Culture and Thought, 2025), Amir Hossein Asghari portrays the Qajar-era scholar as a tragic figure driven to a “self-chosen death” by the social pressures of his time. Asghari suggests that the fate of ʿAlīkhān’s textbooks is perhaps even more tragic than the man's own demise. This note challenges that narrative, offering a starkly different perspective. Rather than a victim of his time, I present ʿAlīkhān as an individual who possessed immense familial advantages but ultimately succumbed to narcotic addiction. By reframing his death as a result of Opium abuse, I propose a counter-history that strips away the romanticism of his "historical death." In his article “The Historical Death of ʿAlīkhān Nāẓim al-ʿUlūm and His Mathematics” (published in the journal Mathematical Culture and Thought, 2025), Amir Hossein Asghari portrays the Qajar-era scholar as a tragic figure driven to a “self-chosen death” by the social pressures of his time. Asghari suggests that the fate of ʿAlīkhān’s textbooks is perhaps even more tragic than the man's own demise. This note challenges that narrative, offering a starkly different perspective. Rather than a victim of his time, I present ʿAlīkhān as an individual who possessed immense familial advantages but ultimately succumbed to narcotic addiction. By reframing his death as a result of Opium abuse, I propose a counter-history that strips away the romanticism of his "historical death."

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_106118_93a740676449066f47c3e6f4072c12cc.pdf