University of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823Two Newly-Found Treatises from Abū Hātam Asfizārī on Arithmetic and BotanyTwo Newly-Found Treatises from Abū Hātam Asfizārī on Arithmetic and Botany13624117FAMohammad RezaArshiJournal Article19700101Ab? H??tam Muz?affar Asfiz?r? (5th and 6th centuries A.H.), the great Iranian mathematician, astronomers and scholors, was a contemporary of Khayy?m. We don’t know much about his life excert what has been mentioned in some historians’ and scholars’, works. Amony his most remarkable scientific achievements, we can mention his role in vernal equinox in order to modify and improve chronology and Jal?l? Calender. Although, unfortumately, some of his works have still not been discovered or have been lost, he has some works in different fields such as Mathematics, mechanics, weight measurement, cosmology and botany.
In this article, two separate theses are presented, which were amony Asfiz?r? ,s lost works. The first thesis is an Arabic mathematical one called “Borh?n ?al? Jam ?a-i al-Morabb ?a?t-i al- Motiv?l?ah” focusing on geometrical proving of the total squares numbers. The second thesis is a Persian one called “Ris?lat-i al- Shabakah” in botany, focusing on analysis of a plant parts and surveying vessel network system in plant and the way leaves and fruit are fed through these vessles. This significant thesis show how Islamic scholors, despite having no accurate instruments, had looked profoundly and scientifically in natural issues.Ab? H??tam Muz?affar Asfiz?r? (5th and 6th centuries A.H.), the great Iranian mathematician, astronomers and scholors, was a contemporary of Khayy?m. We don’t know much about his life excert what has been mentioned in some historians’ and scholars’, works. Amony his most remarkable scientific achievements, we can mention his role in vernal equinox in order to modify and improve chronology and Jal?l? Calender. Although, unfortumately, some of his works have still not been discovered or have been lost, he has some works in different fields such as Mathematics, mechanics, weight measurement, cosmology and botany.
In this article, two separate theses are presented, which were amony Asfiz?r? ,s lost works. The first thesis is an Arabic mathematical one called “Borh?n ?al? Jam ?a-i al-Morabb ?a?t-i al- Motiv?l?ah” focusing on geometrical proving of the total squares numbers. The second thesis is a Persian one called “Ris?lat-i al- Shabakah” in botany, focusing on analysis of a plant parts and surveying vessel network system in plant and the way leaves and fruit are fed through these vessles. This significant thesis show how Islamic scholors, despite having no accurate instruments, had looked profoundly and scientifically in natural issues.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24117_544b169e8e81085b98d239cb33a3b8b6.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823The Origin, History and Trade Route of CinnamonThe Origin, History and Trade Route of Cinnamon375124118FAShamamehMohammadifarJournal Article19700101Cinnamon plant, especially its peel, is one of the considerable spices for its using as drug, spice and freshener from ancient times. Distribution of different kinds of cinnamon is in some regions of eastern and southern Asia and it has been traded to other countries. But because of the importance and high price of this spice, its history has been mixed with tales and superstitions. This article attempt is made to identify the true origin, history and trade routes of this important spice, and also its main merchants by using documentary study and analysis of information in historical references and modern botany books. For this purpose, probable, but bordering on certainty, trade routes of cinnamon have been studied. Also, the different origins been noticed in historic books, have been divided in four groups: China, Ceylon, India, and Arabia peninsula and Ethiopia. Then the correct origin of cinnamon will be determined.Cinnamon plant, especially its peel, is one of the considerable spices for its using as drug, spice and freshener from ancient times. Distribution of different kinds of cinnamon is in some regions of eastern and southern Asia and it has been traded to other countries. But because of the importance and high price of this spice, its history has been mixed with tales and superstitions. This article attempt is made to identify the true origin, history and trade routes of this important spice, and also its main merchants by using documentary study and analysis of information in historical references and modern botany books. For this purpose, probable, but bordering on certainty, trade routes of cinnamon have been studied. Also, the different origins been noticed in historic books, have been divided in four groups: China, Ceylon, India, and Arabia peninsula and Ethiopia. Then the correct origin of cinnamon will be determined.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24118_10c8a067e092b510d244e5a0a126caab.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823The Beginning of the Chromatics in Islamic Civilization up to the End of the 6th Century AHThe Beginning of the Chromatics in Islamic Civilization up to the End of the 6th Century AH537224119FAMohsenMarasyJournal Article19700101From bygone to now, Colors are aspects of nature that have been regarded scientists. In ancient Greece, essence of color and its relationship with light and vision in Natural Philosophy and especially Optics has been studied. Results of Greek thinkers in the field Chromatics, from Pythagoras to Aristotle through of translating scientific and philosophical texts, received to Muslim scholars and have been improved. Among Muslim scholars until the end of the sixth century AH, theories of intellectuals like Al-Kindi, Ayub Surrey, Ikhwan al-Safa, Ibn Hytham, Avicenna, Suhrawardi and Neyshbori are considerable. Review theories of these scientists show that Chromatics in the Muslim world strongly influenced by the Greeks knowledge and especially Aristotle. These theories have been discussed relationship of light and colors, essence of colors, color mixing and identify the main colors.From bygone to now, Colors are aspects of nature that have been regarded scientists. In ancient Greece, essence of color and its relationship with light and vision in Natural Philosophy and especially Optics has been studied. Results of Greek thinkers in the field Chromatics, from Pythagoras to Aristotle through of translating scientific and philosophical texts, received to Muslim scholars and have been improved. Among Muslim scholars until the end of the sixth century AH, theories of intellectuals like Al-Kindi, Ayub Surrey, Ikhwan al-Safa, Ibn Hytham, Avicenna, Suhrawardi and Neyshbori are considerable. Review theories of these scientists show that Chromatics in the Muslim world strongly influenced by the Greeks knowledge and especially Aristotle. These theories have been discussed relationship of light and colors, essence of colors, color mixing and identify the main colors.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24119_b5f42a4ff99e6172b7268212375ee063.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823Hisām al-Dīn Sālār and his Compendium of the Laws of the Science of AstronomyHisām al-Dīn Sālār and his Compendium of the Laws of the Science of Astronomy7310924120FAHosseinMasoumi HamedaniJournal Article19700101The extant work of the mathematician and philosopher H?is?m al-D?n ?Al? ibn Fad?l-All?h al-S?l?r is limited to some small mathematical treatises and a book named J?mi? Qaw?n?n ?Ilm al-Hay?a (Compendium of the Laws of the Science of Astronomy). The latter has been used by Nas??r al-D?n al-T??s? in writing his Kashf al-Qin?? ?an Asr?r al-Shakl al-Qat?t??? (Removing the Veils of the Secrets of Sector Figure). Nevertheless, he is rarely mentioned in ancient sources and what we find about him in modern scholarship is largely false and contradictory. Some place him at the beginning of the sixth century AH, others at the middle of the seventh century AH. Still others, while accepting that the Compendium of the Laws of the Science of Astronomy has been written about the middle of the sixth century AH, believe that it belongs to another author, because they consider H?is?m al-D?n as an author of the seventh century AH.The extant work of the mathematician and philosopher H?is?m al-D?n ?Al? ibn Fad?l-All?h al-S?l?r is limited to some small mathematical treatises and a book named J?mi? Qaw?n?n ?Ilm al-Hay?a (Compendium of the Laws of the Science of Astronomy). The latter has been used by Nas??r al-D?n al-T??s? in writing his Kashf al-Qin?? ?an Asr?r al-Shakl al-Qat?t??? (Removing the Veils of the Secrets of Sector Figure). Nevertheless, he is rarely mentioned in ancient sources and what we find about him in modern scholarship is largely false and contradictory. Some place him at the beginning of the sixth century AH, others at the middle of the seventh century AH. Still others, while accepting that the Compendium of the Laws of the Science of Astronomy has been written about the middle of the sixth century AH, believe that it belongs to another author, because they consider H?is?m al-D?n as an author of the seventh century AH.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24120_cd9ba3c4174eac160a62a97700c79907.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823Is the Problem of the Finitude of Dimensions Related to Geometry or Physics?Is the Problem of the Finitude of Dimensions Related to Geometry or Physics?11112724121FASajjadHejriJournal Article19700101The problem of the finitude of dimensions has been discussed by Islamic philosophers in “Physics”. However, since the finitude and infinitude are among the essential occurrings of magnitude, which itself is the subject matter of geometry, it seems that the problem should be classified among the geometrical problems instead of physical ones. In their works Islamic philosophers have discussed this problem as the problem of the “finitude of bodies”, and if we recall that “body” has two meanings in Islamic philosophy, the natural or physical body and the mathematical one, we can dissolve this problem by stating that what has been discussed in physics is the finitude or infinitude of the body in the first meaning and what has been discussed in geometry is the finitude or infinitude of body in the second meaning. In other words, the finitude of dimensions has been discussed in geometry in an absolute way, while physics has discussed the finitude of the dimensions as far as they relate to matter, and then the proofs of the finitude of dimensions in the general science of geometry have been transferred to the special science of physics.The problem of the finitude of dimensions has been discussed by Islamic philosophers in “Physics”. However, since the finitude and infinitude are among the essential occurrings of magnitude, which itself is the subject matter of geometry, it seems that the problem should be classified among the geometrical problems instead of physical ones. In their works Islamic philosophers have discussed this problem as the problem of the “finitude of bodies”, and if we recall that “body” has two meanings in Islamic philosophy, the natural or physical body and the mathematical one, we can dissolve this problem by stating that what has been discussed in physics is the finitude or infinitude of the body in the first meaning and what has been discussed in geometry is the finitude or infinitude of body in the second meaning. In other words, the finitude of dimensions has been discussed in geometry in an absolute way, while physics has discussed the finitude of the dimensions as far as they relate to matter, and then the proofs of the finitude of dimensions in the general science of geometry have been transferred to the special science of physics.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24121_851029564283be3b1a6f42e49aae8b04.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823آثار گمشدۀ کوهیآثار گمشدۀ کوهی11924122FAجی. البرگرنJournal Article19700101ابو سهل ویجن (بیژن) بن رستم کوهی، ریاضیدان و منجم سد? دهم میلادی/چهارم هجری از اهالی تبرستان (مازندران کنونی) در ایران است. گذشته از آثار ارزشمند او که به صورت نسخههای خطی متعدد موجودند و تصحیح و ترجمه و مطالعه شدهاند میدانیم که برخی از آثار او مفقود شده است. در این مقاله آثار گمشد? کوهی را از طریق برخی منابع و نقل قولهای خود او و دیگر دانشمندان، به ویژه دانشمند معاصرش، ابوسعید احمد بن عبدالجلیل سجزی، ردیابی میکنیم.ابو سهل ویجن (بیژن) بن رستم کوهی، ریاضیدان و منجم سد? دهم میلادی/چهارم هجری از اهالی تبرستان (مازندران کنونی) در ایران است. گذشته از آثار ارزشمند او که به صورت نسخههای خطی متعدد موجودند و تصحیح و ترجمه و مطالعه شدهاند میدانیم که برخی از آثار او مفقود شده است. در این مقاله آثار گمشد? کوهی را از طریق برخی منابع و نقل قولهای خود او و دیگر دانشمندان، به ویژه دانشمند معاصرش، ابوسعید احمد بن عبدالجلیل سجزی، ردیابی میکنیم.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24122_3f5fd91ec70f2be88c251d3b4a3141c7.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressJournal for the History of Science1735-05738120100823شبنما و روزنما، ابزار کمیاب نجومی که دو نمونه از آن باقی مانده استشبنما و روزنما، ابزار کمیاب نجومی که دو نمونه از آن باقی مانده است214824123FAس.ر.سارمامحمدباقریJournal Article19700101در هند دو نمونه از یک ابزار نجومی ناشناخته مربوط به سد? نوزدهم موجود است که آن را شبنما و روزنما مینامیدهاند و امکان زمانسنجی در شب و روز با آن وجود داشته است. در حالی که روزنما تنها یک ربع ساعتی است، به نظر میرسد شبنما برگرفته از یک ابزار سانسکریت با نام درووابراما-یانترا است که پادمَنابا آن را در اوایل سده پانزدهم در هند ساخته است. پس از یک توصیف کوتاه از درووابراما-یانترا به بررسی جزئیات دو نمون? موجود ابزار شبنما و روزنما میپردازیم.در هند دو نمونه از یک ابزار نجومی ناشناخته مربوط به سد? نوزدهم موجود است که آن را شبنما و روزنما مینامیدهاند و امکان زمانسنجی در شب و روز با آن وجود داشته است. در حالی که روزنما تنها یک ربع ساعتی است، به نظر میرسد شبنما برگرفته از یک ابزار سانسکریت با نام درووابراما-یانترا است که پادمَنابا آن را در اوایل سده پانزدهم در هند ساخته است. پس از یک توصیف کوتاه از درووابراما-یانترا به بررسی جزئیات دو نمون? موجود ابزار شبنما و روزنما میپردازیم.https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_24123_ef644c965cc595a8c431a0b70faf8745.pdf