University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 Harmonic Proportion: The Edition of Risāla Taʿlīfīyyah by Abu Isḥāq Kūbanānī Harmonic Proportion: The Edition of Risāla Taʿlīfīyyah by Abu Isḥāq Kūbanānī 1 30 66063 10.22059/jihs.2018.240720.371417 FA Hassan Amini Institute for History of Science University of Tehran Abuzar Farzpour Machiani Ms. in History of Science Journal Article 2017 08 29 Harmonic mean, based on the concept of harmonic proportion, along with the arithmetic and geometric means are the three principal means discussed on ancient and medieval mathematics. This article intends to provide a survey of the concepts of harmonic mean and harmonic proportion in history of mathematics. In the first section the authors introduce the harmonic proportion and some relations obtained on its basis. In the second part a short history of this subjects is presented, while in the third part the monographs written in the Islamic period are introduced. In the two remaining sections, Abū Isḥāq Kūbanānī’s treatise on harmonic proportion, entitles Risālat Taʾlīfīyyah, has been introduced accompanied by a critical edition and mathematical commentary. Harmonic mean, based on the concept of harmonic proportion, along with the arithmetic and geometric means are the three principal means discussed on ancient and medieval mathematics. This article intends to provide a survey of the concepts of harmonic mean and harmonic proportion in history of mathematics. In the first section the authors introduce the harmonic proportion and some relations obtained on its basis. In the second part a short history of this subjects is presented, while in the third part the monographs written in the Islamic period are introduced. In the two remaining sections, Abū Isḥāq Kūbanānī’s treatise on harmonic proportion, entitles Risālat Taʾlīfīyyah, has been introduced accompanied by a critical edition and mathematical commentary.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66063_a4f8b96bffac5cfefdcf239f1d5c35b9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 An Investigation of Modern Schools in Kurdistan Province 1921 to 1941 An Investigation of Modern Schools in Kurdistan Province 1921 to 1941 31 49 66064 10.22059/jihs.2018.220974.371363 FA Mohsen Beheshtiseresht Associated Prof.Imam Khomeini International University Fuzieh Javanmardi Phd. Student, Imam Khomeini International University Journal Article 2016 11 22 This paper studies the establishment of modern schools during 1921-1941 in Kurdistan Province and argues that this brought about a principal cultural change. The objective of the study is to investigate the extent of the progress of this reform in the Kurdistan Province in the first part of the Pahlavi reign. The study aims to treat the role played by Reza Shah's modernisation project in this cultural development, as well as the factors contributing to the late establishment of modern schools in Kurdistan. The analytical-descriptive and qualitative approaches are employed to collect data from library sources, newspapers, articles, documents and archive. The results showes that the establishment of the central government in Iran by Reza Shah and the modern system of administration had a determining role in this process. This paper studies the establishment of modern schools during 1921-1941 in Kurdistan Province and argues that this brought about a principal cultural change. The objective of the study is to investigate the extent of the progress of this reform in the Kurdistan Province in the first part of the Pahlavi reign. The study aims to treat the role played by Reza Shah's modernisation project in this cultural development, as well as the factors contributing to the late establishment of modern schools in Kurdistan. The analytical-descriptive and qualitative approaches are employed to collect data from library sources, newspapers, articles, documents and archive. The results showes that the establishment of the central government in Iran by Reza Shah and the modern system of administration had a determining role in this process.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66064_f8597ff6c63bd4c082d9abb0e7865f29.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 Allegorical and Magical Methods in Ibn Rabban Ṭabarī’s Firdaws al-Ḥikma Allegorical and Magical Methods in Ibn Rabban Ṭabarī’s Firdaws al-Ḥikma 51 63 66065 10.22059/jihs.2018.222616.371366 FA Journal Article 2016 12 13 Medical practice was mixed, from the very beginning, with superstitious and magical concepts and methods. Even when medicine freed itself from superstition and was based on general pricniples and clinical examination, some vestiges of non-scientific methods and concepts could still be witnessed in it. Firdaws al-Ḥikma is one of the earliest medical texts of Islamic period in which some traces of non-scientific concepts and prescriptions are attested. In this article, we intend to treat the use of talismans, charms and magical methods in the medical practice. Our research shows that the author believed in the relation between astrology, the properties of living beings, and use of talismans in medicine. In this respect he was influenced by former medical schools. Medical practice was mixed, from the very beginning, with superstitious and magical concepts and methods. Even when medicine freed itself from superstition and was based on general pricniples and clinical examination, some vestiges of non-scientific methods and concepts could still be witnessed in it. Firdaws al-Ḥikma is one of the earliest medical texts of Islamic period in which some traces of non-scientific concepts and prescriptions are attested. In this article, we intend to treat the use of talismans, charms and magical methods in the medical practice. Our research shows that the author believed in the relation between astrology, the properties of living beings, and use of talismans in medicine. In this respect he was influenced by former medical schools.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66065_290227be05142f9d87c9a9ee20c5cea3.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 A Survey of Manufacturing and Using Firearms in Safavid Era A Survey of Manufacturing and Using Firearms in Safavid Era 65 80 66066 10.22059/jihs.2018.238433.371410 FA Akbar Falahi G.H. Rahimi Tarbiat Modares University, PhD in Mechanics Journal Article 2017 07 23 The firearms were among determinant and significant factors at the time of foundation of safavid government. After the Chalderan war, the safavids became completely aware of this subject and during their reign had paid due attention to making and using cannon and guns. The present research aims to answer the following question: did the safavids made a considerable progress in the manufacturing and utilisation of firearms? This article tries to answer this question by relying upon first hand historical sources and by adopting an analytical and descriptive approach. The firearms were among determinant and significant factors at the time of foundation of safavid government. After the Chalderan war, the safavids became completely aware of this subject and during their reign had paid due attention to making and using cannon and guns. The present research aims to answer the following question: did the safavids made a considerable progress in the manufacturing and utilisation of firearms? This article tries to answer this question by relying upon first hand historical sources and by adopting an analytical and descriptive approach.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66066_ec3c02d818b694cf36d93ac0bd14be3e.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 Zarrīn Dast’s Nūr al-ʿUyūn and its Sources Zarrīn Dast’s Nūr al-ʿUyūn and its Sources 81 113 66067 10.22059/jihs.2018.240938.371418 FA Journal Article 2018 05 27 Abū Rūḥ Mūḥammad ibn Manṣūr Jurjānī, known as Zarrīn Dast (golden handed) wrote his Nūr al-ʿUyūn in 1087 AD/480 AH for the non-specialist and those interested in the elements of medicine without knowing Arabic. A comparison of this book with the most importants texts on ophtalmogy written before it shows that the author has based his work on Tadhkira al-Kaḥḥālīn by ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā, introducing some important changes in the general plan as well as details of Ibn ʿĪsā’s book, and adding some material form ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā’s main sources, i.e., The Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq and the second Book of Razi’s Continens. Some parts of the book are based upon the author’s personal clinical observations. In this way he has creatd a new work, especially in the field of ocular surgery. Abū Rūḥ Mūḥammad ibn Manṣūr Jurjānī, known as Zarrīn Dast (golden handed) wrote his Nūr al-ʿUyūn in 1087 AD/480 AH for the non-specialist and those interested in the elements of medicine without knowing Arabic. A comparison of this book with the most importants texts on ophtalmogy written before it shows that the author has based his work on Tadhkira al-Kaḥḥālīn by ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā, introducing some important changes in the general plan as well as details of Ibn ʿĪsā’s book, and adding some material form ʿAlī ibn ʿĪsā’s main sources, i.e., The Book of the Ten Treatises on the Eye by Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq and the second Book of Razi’s Continens. Some parts of the book are based upon the author’s personal clinical observations. In this way he has creatd a new work, especially in the field of ocular surgery.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66067_413ec79eb05dd0de6022adee8399f6a8.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 Ghīyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr Dashtakī’s Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa: an Abridged Treatise in “Hayʾa” of Safavid Period Ghīyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr Dashtakī’s Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa: an Abridged Treatise in “Hayʾa” of Safavid Period 115 131 66068 10.22059/jihs.2018.236084.371401 FA Amir Mohammad Gamini Institute for the History of Science, University of Tehran Fatima Keyghobadi Journal Article 2017 06 20 Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa is a short treatises in “Hayʾa” written in 1500 A.D. /906 AH, by Ghīyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr Dashtakī, a great scholar of Safavid period. It is important to study this treatise because in the first place, it is one of the latest “Hayʾa” books written after many other books in this subject. In the second place, it is written in the period usually considered as the period of decline of Islamic science. And finally, unlike other short “Hayʾa” books, it includes a discussion of the difficulties of Ptolemaic planetary models, with some hints to the author’s or the other scholars’ solutions. This paper studies Dashtaki’s scientific character and introduces Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa with a descriptive - analytical approach. A study of its contents shows that this treatise is a standard, brief, and instructional textbook based on Ptolemaic planetary models. The distinctive feature of this book is its presentation of the difficulties of Ptolemaic planetary models and the history of their solutions, apparently to persuade the scholars to study Dashtaki’s other advanced works on “Hayʾa” and getting to know his solutions Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa is a short treatises in “Hayʾa” written in 1500 A.D. /906 AH, by Ghīyāth al-Dīn Manṣūr Dashtakī, a great scholar of Safavid period. It is important to study this treatise because in the first place, it is one of the latest “Hayʾa” books written after many other books in this subject. In the second place, it is written in the period usually considered as the period of decline of Islamic science. And finally, unlike other short “Hayʾa” books, it includes a discussion of the difficulties of Ptolemaic planetary models, with some hints to the author’s or the other scholars’ solutions. This paper studies Dashtaki’s scientific character and introduces Al-Safīr fī al-Hayʾa with a descriptive - analytical approach. A study of its contents shows that this treatise is a standard, brief, and instructional textbook based on Ptolemaic planetary models. The distinctive feature of this book is its presentation of the difficulties of Ptolemaic planetary models and the history of their solutions, apparently to persuade the scholars to study Dashtaki’s other advanced works on “Hayʾa” and getting to know his solutions

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66068_efe886bcfc73b8e29698bac5bc2adfe0.pdf

University of Tehran Press Journal for the History of Science 1735-0573 13 1 2015 05 22 Problem of Simplicity of Muḥaddid al-Jihāt Sphere and Qūshchī’s Challenge in it Problem of Simplicity of Muḥaddid al-Jihāt Sphere and Qūshchī’s Challenge in it 133 145 66069 10.22059/jihs.2018.236398.371403 FA Iraj Nikserehst Institute For The History Of Science, University Of Tehran, P.O. Box : 13145-1836, Tehran, Iran Sadegh Shahriar Institute for the History of Science, Journal Article 2017 06 24 The concept of “sphere” and its use for the description of the motions of heavenly bodies goes back to the ancient Greece. It was developed by the works of philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and astronomers and mathematicians such as Euxoxus and Ptolemy. Philosophers and astronomers of the Islamic period extended this concpt and developed new philosophical concepts on its basis. They increased the number of the spheres from eight to nine, adding a last sphere called muḥaddid al-jihāt (the spheres which limits the directions). The idea of the simplicity of this sphere was emphasized by Ibn Sīnā and his followers, and this idea served as a basis for some philosophical-theological positions. In his commentary on Tajrīd al-ʿItiqād of Naṣir al-Dīn Ṭūsī, ʿAlī Qūshchī put into question this thesis. In this paper, we explain the concept of muḥaddid al-jihāt and we will discuss some of Qūshchī’s critiques. The concept of “sphere” and its use for the description of the motions of heavenly bodies goes back to the ancient Greece. It was developed by the works of philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle and astronomers and mathematicians such as Euxoxus and Ptolemy. Philosophers and astronomers of the Islamic period extended this concpt and developed new philosophical concepts on its basis. They increased the number of the spheres from eight to nine, adding a last sphere called muḥaddid al-jihāt (the spheres which limits the directions). The idea of the simplicity of this sphere was emphasized by Ibn Sīnā and his followers, and this idea served as a basis for some philosophical-theological positions. In his commentary on Tajrīd al-ʿItiqād of Naṣir al-Dīn Ṭūsī, ʿAlī Qūshchī put into question this thesis. In this paper, we explain the concept of muḥaddid al-jihāt and we will discuss some of Qūshchī’s critiques.

https://jihs.ut.ac.ir/article_66069_0f5ae5ba967927fc1b912bf9647db912.pdf