The history of medicine in Islamic civilization cannot be reduced merely to the Galenic heritage and the works of physicians such as al-Razi and Ibn Sina. Alongside theoretical and clinical medicine, a narrative tradition emerged from the hadiths and reports attributed to the Prophet of Islam and the Shi'i Imams, which was influential in different historical periods in the understanding of illness, health, nutrition, and treatment. Despite the importance of this heritage, one of the fundamental challenges in the historiography of Islamic medicine is the confusion between "Islamic medicine" as a broad historical-scientific tradition and "Prophetic medicine" and "Medicine of the Imams" as a specific genre of narrative and religious literature—a confusion that has sometimes led to the reduction of medical narrations to scientific medicine and sometimes to their exclusion from the history of medicine. The present study aims to clarify the historical place of medical narrations attributed to the Prophet and the Imams and to examine their relationship with the common medical traditions in the Islamic world. The research method is historical-analytical and based on a critical study of primary narrative sources, independent works on Prophetic medicine and Medicine of the Imams, books on the history of Islamic medicine, and recent research in the history of science. The findings indicate that Prophetic medicine and Medicine of the Imams should be studied not as identical to professional and Galenic medicine of the Islamic period, but as an independent layer of Islamic medical culture and as part of the history of thought about the body, illness, and treatment. Historical evidence also shows that this narrative tradition, on the one hand, preserved elements of folk medicine and pre-Islamic Arab heritage, and on the other hand, in later periods became intertwined with Galenic medical concepts and notions as well as religious, ethical, and supernatural elements. From this perspective, its historical importance lies less in proving the "scientific nature" of all narrative propositions than in its role in the production, transmission, and legitimization of medical knowledge and practices in Islamic societies.