رویکردهای «عقلانی» و «اجتماعی» به تاریخ‌نگاری علم و معضل «غیرتاریخی» بودن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

مرکز تحقیقات سیاست علمی کشور

چکیده

در این نوشته ابتدا پیشنهادهای توماس کوهن در خصوص نقش عوامل بیرونی و اجتماعی را در تاریخ علم مرور خواهیم کرد. سپس به دو رویکرد عقلانی و اجتماعی در تاریخ‌نگاری علم که هر دو واکنشی به سخن کوهن بوده‌اند اشاره می‌کنیم. نشان خواهیم داد که تاریخ‌نگاری عقلانی به مشکل غیرتاریخی بودن مبتلا است و دلایل معرفتی کنشگران تاریخی را در تبیین‌های خود دخالت نمی‌دهد. علاوه بر این، چنین رویکردی با خلط تبیین و توجیه اصولاً فاقد توان تبیینی است. در ادامه، بررسی خواهیم کرد که رویکرد اجتماعی تا چه حد در معرض خطر غیرتاریخی بودن است. با دفع شبهۀ غیرتاریخی بودن نشان خواهیم داد که خطر توسل به آگاهی کاذب در کمین رویکرد اجتماعی است. دفع این خطر نیازمند به دست دادن الگویی مناسب برای رابطه میان امر عقلانی و امر اجتماعی است. یک گزینۀ پیشنهادی تبعیت از یگانه‌انگاری بی‌قاعده است که تبعات مهمی برای تاریخ‌نگاری علم خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Rational and the Social Approaches to the Historiography of Science and the Problem of being Ahistorical

نویسنده [English]

  • Hossein Sheykhrezaee
National Research Institute for Science Policy
چکیده [English]

After Kuhn and his remarks on the point that some social factors play important role in paradigm selections, it was a concern for many historians and philosophers of science that accepting such a claim would lead to anti-rationalism in the historiography of science. By proposing the concept of Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes Lakatos tried to provide a rational interpretation of history of science. However, it has been claimed that such an approach does not take into account motivations and epistemic reasons of scientists. On the other hand, proponents of the Strong Programme in the Sociology of Knowledge tried to encourage historians to take into account social factors in their histories of science. Again it is claimed that motivations and epistemic reasons of scientists are not reflected here and therefore this approach is ahistorical too. Our main concern is to consider the point that whether in the social approach epistemic reasons of scientists are somehow epiphenomena of more genuine things. By elaborating different kinds of relationships between the social and the rational it will be argued that at least in the case of the social approach the charge of being ahistorical is not too damaging.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ahistorical explanation
  • Anomalous monism
  • Historiography of science
  • Rational approach
  • Social approach
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