نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
عضو هیأت علمی گروه تاریخ علم، بنیاد دائرةالمعارف اسلامی
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The classification of sciences based on the subject of sciences and their similarities and differences with each other makes their teaching and learning easier. This science has been considered in ancient civilizations in general terms, including the classification of books, living things and natural phenomena, and in ancient Greek civilization, in a specialized way. In the Islamic period, that special attention was paid to the explanation, education and classification of various sciences, this science was defined and its goals were enumerated, and even the classification of sciences among the sciences of the Islamic period was mentioned and sources have also been written in this regard. Given the importance of the natural sciences to scientists and scholars of the Islamic period, they defined and explained the place of these sciences in the hierarchy of the classification of sciences as well as the subdivisions of its types; The sources that have dealt with this science are not limited to the sources related to natural phenomena, but have also dealt with various works, from philosophy to cosmographical texts including wonders of creation and general encyclopedias written in the Islamic period. Of course, various factors influenced the type of classifications; For example, Aristotle's criteria for classifying the sciences were followed more or less by the scholars of the Islamic period, especially the Peripatetics. This influence is evident in the treatises of Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā', the works of Ibn Sina, Naṣīr al-dīn Ṭūsī, and even earlier scholars of the Islamic period, including Ibn al-Muqaffa' and Ibn Behrīz. Religious views, sometimes mixed with philosophical and mystical thought, were another influential factor. This issue is evident in the works of Ġazzālī and Naṣīr al-dīn Ṭūsī. Sometimes the environmental conditions of the authors or their expertise and employment in government positions influenced their criteria in the classification of sciences. Ibn Sina and Anṭākī, for example, classified the natural sciences more accurately than other scholars because they were physicians and pharmacists. Ibn Farīġūn and Qalqashandī also had a general and practical approach to the courtiers in their writings due to the need of the rulers of the time and their position in the government apparatus. The practical, simple and even superstitious approach in encyclopedias and texts related to the wonders of creation caused the divisions of science in these works not to follow certain principles
کلیدواژهها [English]
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